Culture is a very complex phenomenon, which explains why its concept has been constantly redefined since its appearance. To facilitate its study and understand the paradigms from which culture is interpreted, it is necessary to identify both the criteria for its classification and its different types according to the criteria. Let's see which are the most important.
Culture can also be classified according to the knowledge of writing since this also determines the modes of survival and adaptation. Thus, there are two main types of culture:
Oral cultures, also called preliterate cultures, are those that do not know or do not develop writing systems. Normally, this type of culture is based on the oral transmission of community myths. His perception of historical time is usually cyclical.
For example: tribal indigenous cultures.
As its name says, written cultures are those that manage to be transmitted through writing, whether it is hieroglyphic, pictographic, alphabetic, cuneiform, etc.
For example: ancient Egyptian culture, Mesopotamian culture, Mayan culture, Greek culture, and Roman culture.
One of the ways of classifying culture stems from its modes of production, which determine the set of practices on the environment, influence the tools that they develop, and affect the modes of social organization.
This concept applies to those cultures that sustain themselves through hunting and gathering, which requires constant mobilization in search of resources.
For example: the Arab Bedouin peoples.
Agricultural cultures are understood as all those cultures that are organized based on the control of crops and the raising of animals for human consumption, which is why they are sedentary cultures. These types of cultures usually live around the countryside, the center of their economy and social order. Although they can give rise to cities, these are subsidiaries of country life.
For example: the Egyptian culture, whose splendor in ancient times is due to the development of agriculture at the foot of the Nile River.
Urban cultures are all those whose economic and social model is based on commercial activity and, therefore, the importance shifts to the cities converted into centers of commercial operations in which the population is concentrated.
For example: the Renaissance culture.
They refer to societies that use industrialized means of production. This type of culture has developed from the 19th century and has reached an important point of growth in the 21st century.
For example: China today.
Each society has a set of magical-religious beliefs that influence the way they perceive existence and act on reality. Different cultures, despite also having different religions, may share characteristic features due to the similarity of their religious thought structures. In relation to this, experts group the different cultures into two main types:
They are those cultures that believe in the existence of one or more superior gods. Theistic cultures are subdivided into:
It refers to those cultures whose religious thought does not attribute the spiritual order to any specific deity, either as an absolute entity or as a creative will.
For example: Taoism and Buddhism.
Within the same society, there are cultural differences related to the current socio-economic order, the type of education received, the modes of dissemination, and participation in power. In this sense, the separation of social classes fosters different notions of culture (which are not without controversy). There are two main types of culture:
Elite culture or elite culture refers to the set of codes, symbols, values, customs, artistic expressions, references, and modes of communication that correspond to the dominant groups in society, whether in economic, political, or symbolic terms.
This type of culture is usually identified as official culture. In general terms, it is concentrated in the ruling class and/or in the enlightened groups of society. Due to its officializing tendency, it is taught from formal educational centers and validated through different institutions such as museums of fine arts, academies, universities, cultural centers, etc.
For example: fine arts and literature are expressions of elite culture.
Dancing devils from Yare, Venezuela.
Popular culture is understood as the set of codes, symbols, values, customs, artistic expressions, traditions, references, and modes of communication that correspond to the popular sectors or the people.
This type of culture usually confronts the elite culture or the official culture of the dominant sectors, be it through humor, parody or criticism. The appearance of the study of folklore or folklore has allowed the dissemination of the contents of popular culture through academic media or institutions aimed at protecting cultural heritage.
For example: expressions of popular culture are crafts, folklore, and religious processions.
Mass culture or mass culture is one that is built from the dissemination of content through the mass media. Due to its scope, the disclosed content is consumed by both the dominant and popular sectors. This implies that, at present, the borders between popular culture and elite culture are porous and that both manage a common repertoire of cultural consumer goods. Mass culture penetrates all social spheres and modifies the codes and patterns of the various cultural groups.
For example: expressions of mass culture are the so-called pop music, advertising, and commercial or entertainment cinema.
Within a hegemonic culture, there are internal struggles for recognition or power. To recognize and study these phenomena, the following classification is used:
Hegemonic culture is understood as that which establishes a certain system of codes, patterns, customs, values, and symbols as dominant within society through persuasion and/or coercion. The hegemonic culture dominates over the social group and seeks to perpetuate itself, which is why it is usually imposing and resents dissent. The hegemonic culture is often identified with the official culture and is spread through official institutions and the mass media.
It is one that has a dependent relationship with the dominant culture, despite being different in some of its aspects. It usually manifests itself in the most vulnerable sectors of society. Within the subordinate culture, individuals fail to form their own consciousness as a culture and, consequently, cannot exercise autonomy. Subaltern culture should not be confused with the concept of subculture, since subaltern culture is fragmentary and disjointed, while subcultures have consciously differentiated codes, patterns, and values.
Alternative culture is a fairly broad term that encompasses the set of artistic-cultural manifestations that claim to be an alternative to those that become dominant or hegemonic. If before they arose as a response to the so-called elite culture, today the alternative culture aims to open spaces against the values and cultural goods promoted by the mass media, which have become hegemonic, even when these may seem "popular".
Counterculture is understood as those cultures that arise in opposition to the hegemonic culture, challenging the imposed values and trying to spread new paradigms and value systems. They arise from the processes of frustration, injustice, nonconformity, and resistance.
For example: feminism; ecological movements.
Within a hegemonic culture, a diversity of marginal cultural groups are formed that develop a system of values, codes, and patterns of their own. Subcultures can be said to constitute minority cultures with defined traits. Unlike countercultures, subcultures do not seek to challenge the established order but assert themselves gregariously around a certain sphere of interests of the dominant culture. For this reason, many of them derive from consumer subcultures that are detected as a market niche.
For example: gamers, urban tribes.
We speak of the anthropological meaning of culture when we refer to those practices, uses, and customs that identify a given civilization in broad terms.
For example:
Cultures can be classified according to their historical context, which defines or delimits the universe of values in force for a given period.
For example:
Cultures can also be studied by reflecting on modes of social organization based on gender. Two types stand out in particular:
Matriarchal culture is one founded on the female figure as a reference and leader of the social order. Unlike the patriarchal order, there is no evidence that matriarchal cultures have exercised or continue to exercise oppression over men. At the dawn of humanity, there have been various matriarchal cultures, although today there are a few alive.
For example: the Minangkabau culture in Indonesia.
Patriarchal culture is understood as that in which only man exercises political, economic, military, and family control, that is, the entire domain of public and private life rests on the authority of man. The woman is conceived as a passive subject who does not enjoy power neither in the public nor in the private.
For example: Traditional Muslim culture.
This way of classifying culture is usually quite complex since it responds to the universe of current political interests within society.
In a broad or global sense, two great poles of cultural power are usually distinguished in the geopolitical universe, from which important international relations and tensions derive. Namely:
In a restricted sense, focused on the local, the following types of culture can be distinguished:
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